Dust pretrains transformers with zeroth-order optimization, approaching backprop results

Dust is a zeroth-order method that pretrains transformers and sometimes matches or exceeds backprop given large compute. The authors report it is about 1,000 to 10,000x more compute efficient than EGGROLL, the state-of-the-art ES method, for training transformers. The post also cites the gradient-alignment result up to 1B tokens and the virtual population idea for scaling.